Dough composition



2,942,988 DOUGH'COMPOSITION Arthur B. Erekson, Scarsdale, N.Y., and Robert E. Duncan, -Milltown, N.J., assignors to The Borden Company,

a corporation of New Jersey I No Drawing. Filed Feb. 26, 1958, Ser. No. 717,564

2 Claims. (Cl. 99-192) This invention relates to a preleavened dough ready for baking in making biscuits, cinnamon or nut rolls, or the like. v

The invention is particularly useful in the form of a canned refrigerated dough for biscuits and will be illustrated by description in connection with such use.

In such commercial refrigerated dough practice, there is ordinarily used, as the leavening agent or gas generating component, a slowly acting sodium pyrophosphate of the' approximate formula Na i-1 1 in combination with sodium bicarbonate. All ingredients are mixed, the resulting dough rolled out, the dough thensheeted and cut into blanks such as discs about 1.5-2 inches in diameter by A /z inch thick. The cut-outs are dusted rice flour or oiled to prevent sticking together. They are then stacked and packed in a suitable can. These cans are dough-tight but not gas-tight. As a result, air and carbon dioxide may and do escape sothat the dough reaches and-blocks the gas outlets. Within about 1.5-3 hours after the package is sealed, for instance, the biscuits'will have so expanded as to fill the container and close the original vents for gas and the internal pressure of carbon dioxide generated by the leavening materials will have risen to around 8-16 p.s.i. Pressure within the can will be maintained over a period of 8 weeks or so if the biscuit dough and cans are normal and the storage temperature is between 40 and 50 P.

All of the equipment including containers herein referred to are conventional and are not illustrated.

A The commercial importance of the product has induced competition in improving its quality. Eiforts have been directed particularly to preserving the slow action of the leavener while increasing the lightness of thefinished biscuits and eliminating the formation of phosphate crystals iii the canned dough on standing, these crystals when they appear causing rejection of the product or uneven coloring of the baked goods. Solutions of these problems that are entirely satisfactory have not been realized heretofore.

' Our process and composition provides a dough that is free from separation of phosphate crystals during the normal period of transportation and shelving of the dough. Our new composition also gave, in biscuits made over a 6-day period, 11%1 7% more volume of the baked biscuits from a dough 8 weeks old than obtained in strictly comparable control tests with the same composition but with conventional sodium acid pyrophosphate and bicarbonate leavener.

.Briefly stated, the invention comprises dough for biscuits or the like comprising flour, water, the usual minor ingredients, and leavener that includes the bicarbonate in combination with both the said pyrophosphate and also fumaric acid in proportion less than that of the p'y'r'o phosphate. described herein for making the dough.

All components of the dough must be food grade materials.

For best results it isfhecessary that the pyrophosphate and the fumaric acid be in powder form, this term in-.

cluding fine granules, and neither so coarse as to give undesirably large-bubbles of gas in the finished baked goods nor so'fine as to' react with the bicarbonate so rapidly that the gassing effect proceeds to an objectionable extent before the dough blanks can be canned, as during 10-30 minutes between mixing the dough and canning the cut-outs. It is .iiecessary also that the pyrophosphate and the fumaric acid be used in proportions within certain ranges.

The sodium acid pyrophosphate is suitably of such particle size as to pass substantially completely through a U.S. standard 30-mesh screen and usually also through a 60 mesh and at least 50% through 200 mesh. The

fumaric acid is of particle size to pass substantially completely through 30 mesh and to be retained to the extent of at least on mesh. With such gradation of particle sizes, we avoid objectionable amounts of oversized bubbles in the baked goods that would result from objectionably large particles of the acid and also avoid the premature release of an undesirable proportion of thev total gas possible, by overly fine and quickly soluble particles.

The acid pyrophosphate supplied to advantage in the form of the essentially anhydrous material.

The flour used is a standard flour for biscuit dough, as for instance wheat flour containingabout 10.5%- 12.5% protein. We use ordinarily a mixture of hard wheat and soft wheat flour of protein content 11%-l2%.

The shortening is any one usual for like purposes. Examples are lard, chicken fat, hydrogenated soya bean, cottonseed, corn or other vegetable oil, or a mixture of one or more of these hydrogenated oils with an animal fat, in any proportion to give a shortening of the usual characteristics and taste for biscuits.

Milk proteins are ordinarily incorporated. Satisfactory materials are spray-dried skim milk. .Whole milk protein insdried form may be used but is unnecces- Seasoning agents used are conventional, as for instance cane, beet or corn sugar, salt, and the like.

Water is used in amount to make the dough handleable, that is, of such consistency that the dough may be processed mechanically and the cut-out blanks handled by hand into the cans without being either so soft (wet) as to be sticky or so stiff as not to sheet out well or to consolidate normally when subjected to the rolling operation before cutting out of the blanks. Suitable amounts of water are 50-70 and usually 58-64 parts for 100 of the flour, the exact proportion within these ranges varying with the particular grade of flour selected for use.

The sodium acid pyrophosphate is used in the proportion of 1.4-2 parts for 100 of the flour, the fumaric acid 0.35 0.65 part, and these two acidic components together in total amount to correspond, in acid equivalency, to

approximately 2.25-3.25 parts and for best results about The invention comprises also the process Water- Sodiumbicarbonate in proportions not more than;20% in excess-ofithatrequtred to neutralize 'the'said components.

The invention will be further illustrated by the follow- .ing specific examples of the practice of it In these examples and elsewhere herein, proportions are expressed as parts by weight onjthe dry basis except that the flour is stated on the basis of a moisture content Example 1 The composition is inade of the following formula;

Parts by Ingredient Weight Flour Shortenin Nonsfat dry mill: Su ar Salt Sodium a d m hos hate'tsarr-zsg Fumaric acid- The flour used had a proteincontent of about 11.5% on he ry basis nd oistue. 4%-

Thesodium acid pyrophosphate ,used had anequivalent weight as an acid of 111. That is, 222 parts were required to correspond'to llmolet 116 parts) of the fumalic acid. a a

The particlesizesof-theacidic materials as introduced 'The'flour is placed'in a conventional bread dough mixer and the mixed leavening ingredients'are added to it, followed by 1' minute of mixing at slow speed of-agita- I tio'n, Then the shortening'is added to this mixture and agitation is continued for anotherZi minutes.

v A separate premix is made of the water'with. the nonfat dry milktStarlac); sugar: (sucrose) and salt.

' 'rns; srema is added into the dough mixer while the mixer is opera tejd-underslow speed. Such mixing'is con V tinnedforapprdxirhately Lminute followedby 4minutes ofirnixing atihigh speed.

Themesulting dough is 'then transferred to. troughs and delivered to the sheetingline. There, thedough is divided into pieces of .approximately'35 to 40 pounds in weight and each piece is passed throughia' conventional dough break, .consistingof a ,set ofgthree, rollers between which the dough is worked and flattened.

W The rolled pieces. are then placedonza series. of sheeters.

which formsthem into a continuous sheet-ofdough approximately /27 inch thickby 18 incheswide. This sheet ispassed through a rotary cutterwhich cutslit into hexagonally; shaped biscuit blanks approximately 1% inches wide. r

The biscuits are then packed into; cans in numbers to malgethecans about '80,%.-9,0%T 1111; The cans are. then immediately. ClS Th5 closing-of the cans isnot gastight. During the following 23 hours; of proofing (ex- ..PE1I1Sl .OI1jOI1hOldi.Hg1at room temperature such as 6075 55.), the expansionof the'biscuit; causes the air to be driven from the can through gas escape outlets or open:

ingswhich; may bearound;theseamedends'v or; in the case of some cans, through the side. When thefbis cuits have expanded sufliciently to fill the cans, the expanded dough seals the gas vents so that furthersubstantialescape.

of gas is prevented.

At the end of the proofing period, the canned biscuits are placed in a cooler at approximately 40 F. and held there until the dough has been chilled to that temperature. They arethen ready for shipment to the trade, the cans being held under refrigeration at -50 F. or lower at all times. Finally the units are removed from the can and baked in customary manner.

No crystals of the phosphate or other material separate at any time from thedough during the processing or in an 8 weeks refrigerated storage test at -50 F. Furthermore, thebiscuits after baking are free of discolored spots formerly associated with the concentration of the separated phosphate crystalsi Thme' spotsprevi- White if on the outside browned surface;

'We find an increasel'iu thefvolume of the; baked biscuits packed from 1 pound wet weight of the biscuit dough after 8 weeks refrigeration.- Thus biscuits made, in control tests on each of six different days from a pound of the wet dough, with a commercial leavener providing somewhat more than; 2.57% of the, sodium acid pyrophosphate on the Weight of the fiourihad the; volumes tabulated below for comparison with the large;

volumesobtained with our new leavener combinatioin Total Volume m1; 0t Biscuit's fromAllb: Wet Dough I Day of Test lncreaseiwitll.

Pyrophos- 'phate Leavener would otherwiseform, and (2') causes generation-ofth e" gas at the rising of the biscuits 'as:desired;

Example 2 a a The procedure and composition offExarnple: 1 iszus except that the amount of sodium'bi'catrbon 'iie 6d.

*It is to beunderstood that itisfintendedatOfiOYfl': changes andtmodifications of the examples; ofii'he; 1111-;

' vention herein chosen for the purpose of illustration;

which doinotconstitute departures from the spirit scope of the invention; We claim:,, g I r 7 1. In a dough mix for refrigerated storage and 5 111 sequent baking including flour, shortening, sodium bicarbonate of baking sodagrade, acidic material for reaction with thebicarbonate, water in: amount tornake the; dough handleable, and'vseasoning material; prjovement comprising the acidic component. essentially in theformof a combination of disodium acidpyrophosq phate; and furnaric-v acid the proportions for ;'par'ts by weightofthe flour being approximately 1.4. 2 parts. of the pyrophosphate on the anhydrous 8.35-0.65 of the'fumario acid and thetotal-ofitheacidic materials; being -equivalent as acid, to' approximately 2:2 5 3-.25parts-of thepyrophosphatq- 1 References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Armstrong Aug. 9, 1949 FOREIGN PATENTS Canada Oct. 16, 1951 

1. IN A DOUGH MIX FOR REFRIGERATED STORAGE AND SUBTHE METHOD OF COATING A METAL SPRAY WHEEL OF APPROXIMATELY SIX-INCH DIAMETER FOR CLAY-DRYING APPARATUS, SEQUENT BAKING INCLUDING FLOUR, SHORTENING, SODIUM BICARBONATE OF BAKING SODA GRADE, ACIDIC MATERIAL FOR REWHICH COMPRISES ROTATING SAID WHEEL AT AN OPERATIONAL SPEED OF FROM 5,000 TO 13,000 REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE ACTION WITH THE BICARBONATE, WATER IN A MOUNT TO MAKE THE DOUGH HANDLEABLE, AND SEASONING MATERIAL, THE IMWHEREBY SAID WHEEL IS CENTRIFUGALLY STRETCHED AND ACQUIRIES A PERMANENT SET, STOPPING THE ROTATION OF SAID WHEEL, AND PROVEMENT COMPRISING THE ACIDIC COMPONENT ESSENTIALLY IN THE FORM OF A COMBINATION OF DISODIUM ACID PYROPHOS- 